Abstract: In reference to what we name as the microrregión forestal-cordillerana de Panguipulli, we seek to understand the changes in the capitalist production of space in the southern Chi lean Andes, emphasizing the different forms that geographical characteristics settings become valued and incorporated into the networks of capital accumulation - especially over the last four decades - in a movement that tends to go of the exploitation of the nati- ve wood towards the exploitation of the landscape and of the preserved nature. Based on information and data collected through documentary and bibliographic research, as well as observations made in field works, we analyse these transformations from a theoretical perspective anchored in the Marxist tradition, linking them to the mutations experienced on the ways of extracting land rent. We sustain that there is a dialectical process of diver sificaron of monopolistic rents, and a monopolization of the territory, which complicate furthermore the geographical structure of rural space.

Resumen: Teniendo como referencia lo que denominamos microrregión forestal-cordillerana de Panguipulli, buscamos interpretar los cambios en la producción capitalista del espacio en la cordillera austral chilena, enfatizando las diferentes formas por las cuales sus carac terísticas geográficas vienen siendo valoradas e incorporadas a las redes de acumulación de capital - sobre todo en las últimas cuatro décadas - en un movimiento que tiende a ir de la explotación de la madera nativa hacia la explotación del paisaje y de la naturaleza conservada. Basándose en informaciones y datos levantados por medio de investigación documental y bibliográfica, así como de observaciones realizadas en trabajos de campo, analizamos esas transformaciones, desde una perspectiva teórica anclada en la tradición marxista, relacionándolas a las mutaciones experimentadas en las formas de extraer ren ta territorial. Sustentamos que hay en curso hoy, un proceso dialectico de diversificación de rentas monopolísticas, y de monopolización del territorio, que complejiza aún más la trama geográfica del medio rural regional.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the link between preoperative parameters and oxidative stress (OS) markers in the bladder wall of men undergoing open prostatectomy. Materials and Methods: From July 2014 to August 2016, men aged ≥ 50 years and presenting with LUTS were prospectively enrolled. Preoperative assessment included validated questionnaires (IPSS and OAB - V8), lower urinary tract ultrasound and urodynamics. Bladder biopsies were taken during open prostatectomy for determination of OS markers. Increased OS was defined by increased concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and / or decreased concentration of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and / or catalase). P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: Thirty - eight consecutive patients were included. Mean age was 66.36 ± 6.44 years, mean prostate volume was 77.7 ± 20.63 cm3, and mean IPSS was 11.05 ± 8.72 points. MDA concentration was increased in men with severe bladder outlet obstruction (BOO grade V - VI according to the Schaefer's nomogram) in comparison with BOO grade III - IV (p = 0.022). Patients with severe LUTS also had higher MDA concentration when compared to those with mild LUTS (p = 0.031). There was a statistically significant association between increased post - void residual urine (cut off ≥ 50 mL) and not only higher levels of MDA, but also reduced activity of SOD and catalase (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This pilot study showed that severity of LUTS and BOO were associated with increased MDA concentration in the bladder wall of men undergoing open prostatectomy. Further studies are still needed to assess the role of non - invasive biomarkers of OS in predicting bladder dysfunction in men with LUTS.

RESUMEN La estimación del flujo volumétrico de recortes y derrumbes de perforación (cavings) que son extraídos y transportados por el lodo de perforación a través de las líneas de flujo hacia la superficie durante la perforación de un pozo petrolero, es de interés para los perforadores ya que permite entender las condiciones de perforación que son requeridas para mantener la estabilidad del pozo perforado. En este artículo se presenta un nuevo método para estimar el flujo volumétrico de cavings y cuttings o ripios de perforación a partir de la aplicación del Efecto Doppler; el método propuesto es una técnica no invasiva que utiliza dos sensores piezo-eléctricos acústicos de ultrasonido ubicados en la línea de flujo del pozo conocida como flow line; uno de los sensores actúa como emisor y el otro es un receptor de la señal acústica; los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas de laboratorio evidenciaron un error máximo de 10.5% para los cavings de tamaño pequeño y de 34.7% para los cavings de tamaño grande. De acuerdo con estos resultados, el método puede ser aplicado a nivel industrial para estimación del flujo volumétrico de cavings con el objeto de evaluar la estabilidad del pozo perforado en tiempo real.

ABSTRACT Estimating the volumetric flow of cuttings and cavings that are extracted and transported by the drilling mud into the flow line while drilling a well is of major interest to for drillers so that they can understand the drilling conditions and maintain the wellbore stability. In this paper, a new method to estimate the volumetric flow of cavings via the Doppler effect is proposed. The proposed method is a non-invasive method that uses two piezo-electric acoustic sensors located on the flow line, one acting as an emitter and the other acting as a receiver. The system device estimates cavings and cuttings by measuring the mud and solids flow on a real-time basis. Results obtained at a laboratory experimental level reflected a maximum volumetric-flow error of 10.5% for small-sized cavings and 34,7% for large-sized cavings. According to those results, the method may be suitable for estimating caving volumetric-flow with acoustical techniques at the flow line while drilling and it might be used as a real-time operation method to evaluate wellbore stability.

The intention of this paper is to present a renewed and critical reading about the contradictions engendered by the neoliberal modernization of the Chilean agriculture. This task is carried out through the lens of the "historical-geographical materialism" developed mainly by the British geographer David Harvey, and also through agrarian studies linked to the critical thinking, especially Marxists. As the main empirical substrate, information and data supplied by documents and studies that have sought to understand the specific case of contemporary capitalist development in Chile as well as its consequences for the countryside and national peasants are used. It is sustained here that the mechanisms of "accumulation by dispossession" were (and still are) of critical importance to make Chile a world-wide agricultural and food power.

La intención del presente trabajo es presentar una lectura crítica y renovada sobre las contradicciones engendradas por la modernización neoliberal de la agricultura chilena. Esta tarea es realizada por medio de los lentes del "materialismo histórico-geográfico", desarrollado principalmente por el geógrafo británico David Harvey, y también de los estudios agrarios vinculados al pensamiento crítico, especialmente marxistas. Como principal substrato empírico, son utilizados las informaciones y los datos suministrados por los documentos y los estudios que han buscado comprender el caso específico del desarrollo capitalista contemporáneo en Chile, así como sus consecuencias para el campo y para el campesinado nacional. Se sustenta aquí que los mecanismos de acumulación por desposesión fueron (y aún son) de vital importancia en lo que se refiere a hacer del país una potencia silvoagroexportadora mundial.

RESUMO Indivíduos de povoamentos clonais possuem a mesma capacidade de crescimento. Porém, falhas silviculturais podem levar ao fornecimento parcial ou heterogêneo de recursos, resultando em perdas de uniformidade. Estudos demonstram que a heterogeneidade entre plantas interfere na produtividade. Apesar disso, poucos trabalhos acompanharam a uniformidade do início ao fim da rotação e determinaram se o nível de uniformidade inicial interfere na produtividade na idade de corte. Assim, objetivou-se investigar o comportamento da uniformidade entre árvores ao longo de uma rotação e sua relação com a produtividade em Eucalyptus clonais. Replicou-se um ensaio em blocos casualizados em três localidades contrastando um tratamento uniforme, com mudas plantadas no mesmo momento, com um tratamento heterogêneo, onde se plantou cada terço das mudas aleatoriamente aos zero, quarenta e oitenta dias. Incremento Médio Anual (IMA) e o PV50, indicador de uniformidade do povoamento, foram determinadas trimestralmente entre 12 e 72 meses. A uniformidade foi máxima no fechamento da copa e reduziu gradualmente até o final da rotação. Porém, desde o início o tratamento heterogêneo apresentou uniformidade inferior ao uniforme. Ao final da rotação, a diferença média do PV50 entre os tratamentos nas três localidades foi de 119%. A uniformidade inicial (12, 18 e 24 meses) foi correlacionada à uniformidade (R² >0,67; p<0,001) e também à produtividade ao final da rotação (72 meses) (R² >0,43; p<0,001), sendo as parcelas mais uniformes aquelas mais produtivas. Os resultados apontam para a importância de uma silvicultura que garanta o fornecimento homogêneo de recursos.

ABSTRACT Tree clonal plantations have identical growing capability. However, operational failures lead to heterogeneous resources supply, resulting in losses of uniformity. Scientific evidences have shown heterogeneity between plants interfere on wood productivity. Nevertheless, few studies relate uniformity since the beginning of rotation and determine relationship between productivity and uniformity. So, we aim to investigate the behavior of uniformity along a rotation and its relationship with productivity in Eucalyptus clonal plantation. For this, a randomized block experiment was replicated in three experimental sites. A uniform treatment, with all seedlings planted at the same time was contrasted with a heterogeneous treatment, where a third of seedlings were randomly planted on days 0, 40 and 80. Productivity and uniformity were determined quarterly from 12 to 72 months. In both treatments uniformity peaked at the time of canopy closure and was gradually reduced until the end of the rotation. However, since the beginning the heterogeneous treatment was less uniform than the uniform treatment for all sites, reaching an average difference of 119% for the PV50 at the end of rotation. Initial uniformity (12, 18 and 24 months) was highly correlated with final productivity (72 months) (R² >0,67; p<0,001) and also with final productivity (R² >0,43; p<0,001), being the more productive stands the ones with higher uniformity. Results point to the importance of a silviculture management that provides homogeneous resource supply.

The present article aims to contribute to the discussion about the increasement of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of"recampesinization" that happens in the current stage of capitalist development,analyzing one of its least known aspects, related to the movement called " spatialcountercultures". The spatial countercultures are experiments of alternative andsustainable character that became popular in the decade of the sixties. Dtarting onthe nineties, accompanying anew period of the capitalist crisis, a renewal and thestrengthening of the above mentioned movement can be verified, with the emergenceof diverse new experiences of this type, many of which are inspired by"permaculture", concept that refers to the design of sustainable human settlements.With base in two specific concrete cases, one in Argentina and another in Cuba,the article will discuss ways in which permaculture can be promoting nowadaysthe emergence of "new peasants".

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir en la discusión sobre el incremento del complejo y multifacético fenómeno de recampesinización que acontece en la actual etapa de desarrollo capitalista, analizando uno de sus aspectos menos conocidos que está relacionado al movimientodenominado como "contraculturas espaciales". Las contraculturas espaciales sonexperimentos de organización socio-espacial de carácter "alternativo" que se popularizaron principalmente en la década de 1960. A partir de los años 1990, acompañando un nuevo periodo de crisis del capitalismo, se evidencia la renovación yel fortalecimiento de dicho movimiento, con el surgimiento de nuevas experiencias de este tipo, muchas de las cuales están inspiradas por la permacultura, concepto que se refiere al diseño de asentamientos humanos sustentables. Basándoseen dos casos, uno en Argentina y otra en Cuba, se discutirá de qué maneras lapermacultura puede estar promoviendo, en la actualidad, el surgimiento de "nuevos campesinos".

O presente artigo tem por finalidade contribuir na discussão acercado incremento do complexo e multifacetado processo de recampesinização verificado no atual estágio de desenvolvimento capitalista, analisando um dos seus aspectos menos conhecidos, relacionado ao movimento denominado "contraculturasespaciais". As contraculturas espaciais são experimentos de organizaçãosocioespacial de cunho alternativo que se tornaram populares na década de 1960.A partir dos anos 1990, acompanhando um novo período de crise do capitalismo,é possível perceber a renovação e o fortalecimento deste movimento, com osurgimento de novas experiências deste tipo, muitas das quais inspiradas pelapermacultura, conceito que se refere ao desenho de assentamentos humanossustentáveis. Com base em dois casos concretos, um na Argentina e outro em Cuba,será discutido aqui de que maneiras a permacultura pode estar corroborando para o surgimento de "novos camponeses".

A muda cítrica é resultado do processo de enxertia, sendo os porta-enxertos geralmente propagados por meio de sementes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar, em duas condições ambientais, a viabilidade e a expressão da poliembrionia de sementes de porta-enxertos de citros armazenadas durante diferentes períodos sob refrigeração. As variedades porta-enxertos avaliadas foram: limão-Cravo (Citrus limonia Osb. cv. Limeira), Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata Raf cv. Limeira), Citrumelo (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Macf. cv. Swingle), tangerina Sunki (C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) e limão Volkameriano (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq. cv. Catania 2). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualisados, em esquema fatorial 11 x 5 x 2, em 4 repetições, avaliando-se, do tempo zero ao décimo mês de armazenamento, as cinco variedades e os dois ambientes: câmara de germinação e crescimento tipo B.O.D. ("Biological Oxigen Demand" - a 25º C) e casa de vegetação (22 °C to 36 °C). Cada parcela foi composta por 24 sementes, utilizando-se de placas de Petri com papel-filtro na câmara B.O.D e bandejas com substrato na casa de vegetação. Avaliou-se mensalmente a taxa de germinação e expressão da poliembrionia. Concluiu-se que as sementes do Trifoliata e do citrumelo Swingle podem ser armazenadas em câmara fria por até sete meses, e as de limão Volkameriano, de limão Cravo e de tangerina Sunki, por até dez meses. Independentemente da variedade porta-enxerto, a taxa de expressão da poliembrionia foi ligeiramente superior em casa de vegetação, mantendo-se estável nos dois ambientes até o sétimo mês, a partir do qual diminuiu bruscamente. As sementes de Citrumelo expressaram a maior taxa de poliembrionia (18,8%), seguida das dos limões Cravo e Volkameriano (valor médio 13,7%), tangerina Sunki (9,4%) e Trifiloata (3,2%). Apesar de algumas diferenças entre variedades, o monitoramento da viabilidade das sementes armazenadas pode ser feito tanto em casa de vegetação quanto em câmara de germinação tipo B.O.D., sendo o último mais rápido e prático.

The citrus nursery tree is produced through the bud grafting process, in which rootstock is usually grown from seed germination. The objective of this research was to evaluate, in two dissimilar environmental conditions, the viability and polyembryony expression of five citrus rootstocks seeds stored in different periods under refrigeration. The rootstock varieties evaluated were: Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osb. cv. Limeira), Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. cv. Limeira), Citrumelo (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Macf. cv. Swingle), Sunki mandarin (C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) and Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq. cv. Catania 2). The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a 11 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme, evaluating from time zero to the tenth month of storage, the five varieties of rootstock in two environments: germination and growth B.O.D type chamber (Biological Oxygen Demand - Eletrolab Brand Model FC 122) at 25 °C; and greenhouse seedbed with partial temperature control (22 °C to 36 °C) and humidity control (75-85%). The plot had 24 seeds in four replicates, using trays with substrate in greenhouse and Petri dishes with filter paper in B.O.D. chamber. The seed germination rate and polyembryony expression were evaluated monthly. It was concluded that Trifoliate and Citrumelo Swingle seeds can be stored for up to seven months, while Volkamer lemon, Rangpur lime and Sunki seeds can be stored for up to ten months. The polyembryony expression rate was slightly higher when measured in greenhouse than in B.O.D. chamber and remained stable in both environments until the seventh month, from which dropped sharply. Citrumelo Swingle seeds expressed the highest polyembryony rate (18.8%), followed by Rangpur lime and Volkamer lemon (average value of 13.7%), Sunki (9.4%) and Trifoliate (3.2%). Despite some differences among varieties, the viability of rootstock stored seeds can be monitored either in the greenhouse or in B.O.D. germination chamber, the latter being the faster and more suitable method.

INTRODUÇÃO: Beber pesado episódico (BPE) é importante problema de saúde pública, pelas conseqüências negativas para o indivíduo e a sociedade. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a prevalência de BPE entre estudantes de medicina e os fatores associados ao problema. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados todos os estudantes de medicina do 1º ao 8º períodos da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora. Aplicou-se o questionário AUDIT, de forma auto-preenchida e anônima. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de álcool foi de 91%. BPE teve prevalência de 25%, maior para os homens (p < 0,001). Houve associação positiva de BPE com ter iniciado o uso de álcool antes da faculdade e tabagismo em ambos os sexos, e associação negativa com ser praticante de religião para os homens e ter relacionamento fixo para as mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: Encontrou-se alta prevalência de BPE entre os estudantes de medicina. As faculdades deveriam ter papel mais ativo na orientação de seus estudantes quanto ao consumo de álcool, pois estes serão futuros promotores de saúde.

INTRODUCTION: Heavy episodic drinking (HED) is a major public health issue, with negative consequences for the individual and society. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HED among medical students and the factors associated with the problem. METHODS: We interviewed all the medical students from the 1st to 8th semesters at the Juiz de Fora School of Medical Sciences and Health. We applied the AUDIT questionnaire, which is self-completed and anonymous. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol use was 91%. HED was 25% more prevalent among men (p <0.001). HED was positively associated with having begun consuming alcohol before college and being a smoker in both sexes, and negatively associated with religious practice to men and having stable relationships for women. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of HED among medical students. Colleges should take a more active role in guiding their students about the consumption of alcohol, as these students will be health promoters in the future.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo consiste em rever os casos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por duas técnicas: trapezectomia com ou sem ligamentoplastia e artroplastia com implante. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 52 mãos tratadas cirurgicamente por rizartrose entre 1995 a 2008: 32 trapezectomias com ou sem ligamentoplastia (grupo A) e 20 artroplastias com implante (grupo B). Follow-up médio: grupo A - 72 meses, grupo B - 23 meses. Não houve resultados significativamente diferentes quanto à dor, atividades da vida diária, mobilidade e força. No estudo radiográfico, a altura escafometacarpiana foi mais preservada no grupo B. O tempo médio de recuperação foi de 10 semanas no grupo A e de 4,5 no grupo B. Foram registradas quatro complicações: um caso de algoneurodistrofia no grupo A e 2 casos de luxação e um caso de fratura do trapézio no grupo B. RESULTADOS: O resultado das próteses superam o tratamento tradicional da rizartrose com trapezectomia com ou sem ligamentoplastia pela rápida recuperação que proporcionam. CONCLUSÃO: Contudo, a sua aplicação deve ser criteriosa, pois existe potencial de complicações relacionadas com os implantes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review cases that underwent surgical treatment using two techniques: trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty and arthroplasty with implant. METHODS: Fifty-two hands that were surgically treated for rhizarthrosis between 1995 and 2008 were evaluated: 32 cases of trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty (group A) and 20 with implant arthroplasty (group B). The mean follow-up for group A was 72 months and for group B, 23 months. There were no significantly different results with regard to pain, activities of daily living, mobility or strength. In the radiographic evaluation, it was found that the scaphometacarpal height was better preserved in group B. The mean time taken to achieve recovery was 10 weeks in group A and 4.5 in group B. Four cases with complications were recorded: one case of algoneurodystrophy in group A and two cases of dislocation and one case of fracture of the trapezium in group B. RESULTS: The results from prostheses were better than the results from the traditional treatment for rhizarthrosis using trapeziectomy with or without ligamentoplasty because of the rapid recovery that prostheses provide. CONCLUSION: However, prostheses should be applied carefully, because there is a potential for complications relating to the implants.

OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo foi realizado em Monte Negro, Rondônia, Amazônia Oriental, onde um projeto de acadêmicos de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo promoveu assistência médica à população rural. O objetivo foi determinar a soroprevalência de Hepatite B e Hepatite C, investigar os fatores de risco para sua infecção e avaliar o status imunológico vacinal contra Hepatite B nesta região. MÉTODOS: O estudo é uma pesquisa de corte transversal de soroprevalência, compreendendo 267 voluntários que tiveram suas amostras sanguíneas coletadas após preenchimento de um questionário. As amostras foram analisadas em São Paulo usando kits comerciais pesquisando anticorpos contra Hepatite B (AgHBs, Anti-HBs e Anti-HBc) e Hepatite C . Um banco de dados montado através do questionário foi analisado em relação aos resultados sorológicos com testes uni-, bi-, e multivariado, considerando ± = 5%. RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência do VHB encontrada foi de 61.79% e do Hepatite C, 0.38%. A análise dos possíveis fatores de risco mostrou que a prevalência de Hepatite B aumenta com a idade, especialmente após a adolescência, além de ser maior em aqueles nascidos em Rondônia. A exposição à vacinação contra Hepatite B foi maior em indivíduos jovens e aqueles nascidos em Rondônia. CONCLUSÃO: Monte Negro é uma região altamente endêmica para Hepatite B , mas não para Hepatite C . Ademais, os resultados obtidos evidenciam uma significativa melhora no programa de imunizações em Rondônia nos anos recentes.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out in Monte Negro (state of Rondônia), a village in the Brazilian western Amazon region, where a University of São Paulo Medical School program for medical student training in rural assistance took place. It aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, to investigate risk factors for infection, and to evaluate the State immunization program against hepatitis B virus in the region. METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey, comprising 267 volunteers who answered a comprehensive questionnaire and had blood samples collected, which were analyzed in São Paulo for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B virus (Hbs Ag, anti-Hbs, and anti-Hbc) and hepatitis C virus using commercial kits. Data were stored in a specific data bank, and the association between seropositivity and potential risk factors was analyzed by means of uni-, bi-, and multi-variate analysis, considering ±5%. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus was 61.79% and of hepatitis C virus was 0.38%. Statistical analysis on the data bank showed that the prevalence of hepatitis B virus rose significantly with age, especially after adolescence. Infection was higher in those coming from outside the state of Rondônia. Exposure to vaccination against hepatitis B virus was higher in younger individuals and in those who were born in Rondônia. CONCLUSION: Monte Negro is a highly endemic region for hepatitis B virus but not for hepatitis C virus. Our results also provide indirect evidence indicating a significant improvement in the immunization program in Rondônia in recent years.

An unstructured grid Euler solver for reactive compressible flow applications is presented. The method is implemented in a cell centered, finite volume context for unstructured triangular grids. Three different schemes for spatial discretization are implemented and analyzed. Time march is implemented in a time-split fashion with independent integrators for the flow and chemistry equations. The capability implemented is tested for inert flows in a hypersonic inlet and for inert and reactive supersonic flows over a 2-D wedge. The results of the different schemes are compared with each other and with independent calculations using a structured grid code. The strengths and the possible weaknesses of the proposed methods are discussed.